Thesis on Macbeth †a Study in the Psychology of Evil

In  Macbeth, ambition combines with evil forces to commit evil deeds which result in fear, apprehension, guilt and an escalating cycle of violent murders. Above all,  Macbeth  is a study of the psychology of two central characters (Macbeth and his wife) react as individuals and as a couple to the psychological trauma of their evil deeds. In the course of the action, Macbeth frequently misconstrues the guilt that he feels as simply being a question of fear. As a warrior, this self-delusion works because he thinks that he knows no fear and it leads directly to his response to his guilt and his descent into more violence. His usual way of expiating his guilt is to commit more murders, either personally or by order. This, unfortunately, only provokes further guilt and mental torment. In contrast to her husband, Lady Macbeth is wholly aware of the distinction between guilt and fear, and she tries to stop feelings of guilt firstly by denying her guilty conscience and then by concentrating her attention on alleviating her husband’s deep sense of guilt – which threatens to reveal the truth about what they have done. Immediately after Duncans murder, Lady Macbeth implores Macbeth to get some water in order to and wash this filthy witness from your hand (2, i, 43-44). He ignores her order, and cries out, What hands are here. Ha! They pluck out mine eyes! / will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? (2, i, 56-58). But she retorts that the guilty signs of his crime (Duncan’s blood on his hands) can simply be removed, that a little water clears us of this deed (2, i, .64). But in the course of the play, Lady Macbeth completely loses both her power over and intimacy with Macbeth, and also the ability to ignore her own feelings of guilt. Therefore, her assertion that a little water clears us of this deed (2, i, .64) becomes retrospectively deeply ironic.   Once Macbeth has left   to do battle with   Macduffs forces and Lady Macbeth is left alone, she starts to suffer exactly the same symptoms of guilt that have plagued her husband since the night of Duncan’s murder: she finds it impossible to sleep and suffers vivid hallucinations. Lady Macbeth’s influence has waned during the course of the play: Macbeth could not have murdered Duncan without her prompting and goading, yet, because Macbeth’s guilt and his fear of discovery, he no longer trusts his wife, so she is not even informed of the murder of Banquo or the attack on Macduff’s castle and the ensuing massacre of this family. The motivation for all the murders it is ambition for political power, and it does not require much for Macbeth readily accepts the witches’ prediction that he will become King of Scotland. Macbeth is very ambitious, but it is his wife who convinces him and gives him the courage to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth is single-minded in the pursuit of her ambition and demonstrates an ability to deceive that she shares with several of Shakespeare’s female protagonists. Therefore, when Duncan arrives at her castle in Act 1, she humbly tells him that she has impatiently waited for his arrival and that her preparations for it are in every point twice done, and then double done (1, vi, 14-18). The dramatic irony here is that the audience knows that she intends that Duncan should be murdered that very night and also that she is able to conceal her murderous intentions, yet has the confidence to make reference to the idea of double-dealing and betrayal in the words â€Å"double done.â €  Macbeth is further complicated because the evil in the play has a supernatural element; indeed, the play begins with three witches predicting their meeting with Macbeth and Banquo. Even before he meets the three witches, Macbeth comments on the unnaturalness of a day which both â€Å"foul and fair (1, iii, 39). Nothing is not what it seems. After his first conversation with the witches, Macbeth is cannot decide if the predictions of the witches are ill or good. He then begins to doubt the actuality of the real world itself as he observes that nothing is / But what it is not (1, iii, 141-142). This idea of things not being what they appear to be links directly with Lady Macbeth’s deception of Duncan. In Macbeths experience an unnatural world replaces reality; in his wife’s experience, this movement towards unnaturalness is a deliberate choice. In a very famous speech, Lady Macbeth actively invokes the forces of the supernatural in order to transform herself into a something un-human with no conscience or ability to feel pathos or compassion. Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me, from the crown to the toe topful Of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood, Stop up th access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between Th effect and it!   (1, v, 40-47) Lady Macbeth transforms herself into an inhuman monster, de-sexing herself into the epitome of evil. As many critics have observed, unlike Duncan, Banquo, and Macduff, Macbeths have no children and Lady Macbeth has never experienced the maternal feelings that accompany childbirth. In political terms Macbeth has no son to succeed him and this creates additional mental torment – not only does he suffer intense guilt, but he suffers it knowing that the witches have predicted that Banquo’s descendants will become the kings of Scotland – hence Macbeth’s orders for the murder of Banquo and Fleance. The real world and the unnatural world of evil get mixed up in the paranoid visions and in the insomnia that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both suffer. After he has murdered Duncan, Macbeth hears a voice ordering him to sleep no more (2, ii, 37). Lady Macbeth is quickly aware of her husband’s insomnia and the nightmares he suffers when he does manage to sleep. She attempts to rationalize his arguing that he sees Banquo’s ghost at the banquet only because he is suffering from a lack of sleep. But the audience is aware that she is wrong: it is Macbeth’s guilt that causes the apparition of Banquo to appear: every time Macbeth hypocritically remarks how much he misses Banquo, the ghost of Banquo appears. Later, however, Lady Macbeth herself is plagued with sleep disorders. insomnia is told, Lady Macbeth sleepwalks, compulsively washes her hands, cannot bear to be left in the dark and keeps up a constant monologue with references to Duncan, Banquo and Macduff’s fami ly all jumbled up showing her mental breakdown and confusion. . The individual deterioration of the Macbeths is paralleled by the total collapse of their marriage. In Act 1 and 2 they are very intimate with each other. The very first time that we see Lady Macbeth is seen on stage, she is reading aloud a letter from her husband which starts with the affectionate salutation, Dearest Partner of Greatnesse. There e a strong sense of   mutual admiration between husband and wife, a   mutual respect founded   on their shared belief that the great warrior Macbeth is worthy to be king, while the imperious Lady Macbeth is his natural queen. When Lady Macbeth’s reaction when she realizes that Duncan is dead is, significantly, My husband. But a radical change is presented in the relationship between the Macbeths as the play progresses. After the initial murder of Duncan, Lady Macbeth becomes less important to her husband. Macbeth begins to distance himself from Lady Macbeth. Moreover, he keeps his attack on Banquo and Fleance secret from his wife, and she has no prior knowledge of the killing of Macduffs wife and children. Indeed, after her unsuccessful attempts to control Macbeth when he sees the ghost of Banquo, Lady Macbeth almost disappears from the play until the sleep walking scene which begins Act Five. Lady Macbeth no longer directs the plot and Macbeth’s actions; she is deliberately excluded by her husband. Lady Macbeth is almost unrecognizable in the sleep walking scene. She has been transformed from an inhuman monster into a babbling, insane wreck of a woman. It might be argued that her suicide redeems her slightly, because it shows a sense of remorse and humanity. What might provoke an audience’s sympathy that she no longer has any meaningful role in her marriage with Macbeth. Macbeth. Rather poignantly Lady Macbeths final words are not expressions of guilt, but do recall the powerful intimacy which once bound her and her husband together: give me your hand †¦ to bed, to bed, to bed (5, i, 66-68). Macbeth  is a profound study of evil and its corrupting and life-destroying influence on humanity.   The witches, through their ambiguous predictions, introduce a supernatural evil into  the play. Their equivocations and riddles —the deliberate stating of half-truths—cover up the sinister and evil nature of their predictions, and Macbeth never considers the possibility that they are attempting to trick him.   Although the witches are inherently evil, their prophecies do not necessarily show the actual existence of evil, but instead suggest the potential for human beings to commit evil. Their power lies in tempting men like Macbeth to give in to ambition and to sin. When Macbeth gives in to the temptation to commit murder, he (not the witches) is the catalyst that releases evil into the world. The evil, which starts with Duncans murder, destroys Macbeths personal world, but also corrupts and contaminates the family, the state, and the physical universe. For examp le, during Duncans murder the earth was feverous, and did shake (2, iii, 60), showing that evil and unnaturalness provoke disquiet in the natural world – or rather that Shakespeare uses this to symbolize the wide-ranging effects of evil. As a whole the play presents the psychological effects of evil as deeply disturbing and distressing. At the end of the play Malcolm calls Macbeth and his wife â€Å"this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen† (5, viii, 69), but this quotation does not do justice to the guilt that has ravaged the lives of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. He is more than a butcher; she is more than a fiend: they are all too human in the guilt they show for the terrible sins they have committed, and the effects of that guilt – insanity and insomnia – are vividly presented by Shakespeare. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. London: Penguin. 2007. Print.

Infant-Parent Interactions Essay - 954 Words

Infant-Parent Interactions The baby and the mom are sitting down on the bed, while the mom is feeding the baby a piece of a banana. The baby begins to play with the banana, instead of eating it. The mom then starts to sing with him, and he kind of sings along in his own way, she sits down, and he does too. This shows how he follows what she does. When she sings and claps her hands, the baby smiles and giggles, he then runs to her and hugs her. He then starts walking away, she calls him but he doesnt listen. He wants to be picked up and he is then he points to the pictures in the living room; the mom tells him who they are. The baby wants to go back down to play with the CDs, he easily gets bored and runs away. He sees a pen†¦show more content†¦Child- Father Interactions ** The time is 5:30 p.m. The baby sees the dad and gets exited, and runs to him, he picks him up and the baby is happy. This shows that there is a bond between them. The dad puts the baby down on the bed and shows him the cars on the t.v. The baby watches this and points to the cars. The baby then imitates the sound of a car, he then turns around to look at his dad and goes over by his face and starts hitting it lightly. The dad then grabs the babys hand and pretends to bite it in a playful manner, the baby giggles. The dad then picks the baby up and starts to throw him up on the air. The baby laughs and enjoys this. The baby sits down next to his dad and watches television with him, its the baby cartoons. He gets down from the bed and starts to run around the room and play with the t.v. The dad tells him not to touch it, but the baby doesnt listen. The dad picks him up, and gives him a ball; they both begin to play with it, and seem to have a good time. *** The interaction between father and child was loving, and full of physical activities. Comparison and Contrast - The difference between the mother to child, and father to child interaction was that the baby had more emotional activities with the mother and more physical activities with the father. Both the mother and the father have their different ways to have fun with the child whileShow MoreRelatedSummary of Teaching/Learning Interaction : Accident Prevention and Safety Promotion for Parents and Caregivers of Infants795 Words   |  4 PagesSUMMARY OF TEACHING/LEARNING INTERACTION : ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND SAFETY PROMOTION FOR PARENTS AND CAREGIVERS OF INFANTS I. Demographical Information Respondent is a 27- year old Hispanic woman who just had a baby daughter two months ago. She is married, and works as a waitress in a local taco shop with minimum wage. She said that she only finished 6th grade. She only works part-time, because they couldn’t afford a baby sitter. Her mother sometimes helps her with the baby because her husbandRead MoreThe Theory Of The Attachment Theory1362 Words   |  6 Pagesnature; from the day one is born, an immense amount of time must be dedicated to the individual in order for them to develop properly and to their maximum potential. Without this interaction with others, the child will become stagnant in their progress and fail to grow both mentally and physically. Because of its importance, infants and children have been hardwired to attach to their mothers and/or caregivers in order to fulfill this basic need. This instinctual need for attention and security was originallyRead More Parent-Child Relationship Essay1382 Words   |   6 PagesParent-Child Relationships The topic I have chosen for my paper is that of relationship between parents and children. Some of the points that I will be discussing are child abuse, child neglect and how it can affect a child and the relationship with the parents. A parent-child relationship is a special relationship that has a huge effect on the way that the child will turn out. This relationship is formed through pregnancy, adoption, and step parenting. Parenting requires a great deal ofRead MoreEarly Interventions Parents Of Preterm Infants1742 Words   |  7 Pagespreterm infant can be defined as an infant who is born before 37 weeks gestation. Babies who are born premature have a high risk for many health and developmental problems as infants and, furthermore, as they develop into adults. These health and developmental problems can include brain defects, recurrent illnesses, short attention span, sensory impairments, poor motor coordination, delays in language, and emotional and behavior problems. Since preterm infants are fragile and minuscule, parents of pretermRead MoreParenting And Attachment Styles Influence The Temperament860 Words   |  4 PagesParenting and attachment styles influence the temperament during infancy and toddler years. Parenting styles are strategies and techniques that parents use during child rearing. Attachment refers to a secure emotional connection, such as a union among a mother and child. Temperament is the nature of an individual in which affects behavior. Parenting and attachment work hand in hand with influencing the temperament of the child. Three types of children are form upon identifying the characteristicsRead MoreThe Importance Of Attigating The Psychology Development Of Children766 Words   |  4 Pagesparticularly intriguing to me was the prenatal development and birth. As a nursing major with an interest in neonatal intensive care the subject of preterm babies was an area I wanted to explore more. Preterm babies are slower to initiate social interactions and as a result form less secure emotional ties. They can be fussier and are at greater risk for developmental delays and child abuse. Research has shown that interventions that foster positive emotional attachments impr ove caregiving but alsoRead MoreAttachment Theory and the Mother-Infant Relationship Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagesmother-infant relationship as an adaptive strategy primates developed, with emphasis on attachment theory. The root of the mother-infant relationship as well as a childs development can be linked to John Bowlbys theory of attachment. Bowlby, a British psychoanalyst, developed the theory after running a study in which he attempted to understand the intense distress experienced by infants who had been separated from their parents. Upon separation, Bowlby observed the lengths to which infants wouldRead MoreThe Way Of Self Regulation1396 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant for infants to develop is effortful control, or how well the infant can prevent impulses, cope with negative emotions, and behave in a way that is socially acceptable (Berk). It also predicts conscience, empathy, guilt, and low aggression, and gives children the ability to do something else when they are affected negatively so they aren’t overwhelmed. Low effortful control is a consistent predictor of externalizing problems (temperament and personality, Rothbart). Infants show that theyRead MoreProviding Loving Care And Security For Children1712 Words   |  7 Pagesan important aspect of development. Secure bonds are created through interaction with the child and build trust through close, loving relationship between the caregiver or caregivers involved the life of a child. Babies form emotional ties to those who provide them with a feeling of safety and are a constant in the child’s life, making themselves familiar to the infant. Since infants are nonverbal, it is important for the parent to be interactive with their child, smiling, laughing, touching, holdingRead MoreThe Effects of Nature or Nurture on Early Human Development Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagesinherited from their parents and the environment they grow up in has no effect. This essay will focus on the effects of both nature and nurture on three major stages of early human development: fetal, early childhood motor development and learning how to talk. All of these stages are guided by both nature and nurture, and not just one. First of all, fetal development in a mother’s stomach is first guided by nature and continues with nurture. The hereditary information from both parents in the fetus

My Dreams of the Future Free Essays

Do you pay attention in how fast time goes by? From the age of 5 we spend our time busy with school, and then we grow up to find a job and build up a family. Before we realize, time has passed by and all the dreams we had for our future have not yet come true. The reason is because our dreams are just dreams and haven’t yet become goals. We will write a custom essay sample on My Dreams of the Future or any similar topic only for you Order Now The only way to achieve our goals is to know what we want to plan how to get it. Life is a dream, realize it. In my future I want to do so many things. One of the things I want to do is become a Civil Engineer so I can help build a better Panama. To become an Engineer, I will have to study more than ever. Graduate from National Taiwan University is one of my short-time goals I want to achieve. After that I want to get a well-paid job as an Engineer, doing all kind of projects to improve the infrastructure of different cities. I also want to create an organization for the poor and shelterless people in my country; I believe that we should all have the same privilege like have a place to live in and receive an education. I wish for a happy and healthy life, who doesn’t? But this is something I can only wish for. On the other hand I can work hard to make my dreams come true. There are also other things that I would like to do at some point. One of my dreams is to travel around the world. I have always been curious about other cultures and the differences between people in other countries. It would be amazing to travel the whole world. Furthermore I would love to bungee jump or swim with sharks, experiencing life to the limits. In the future I may have new dreams, but the first goal I have to achieve is getting my diploma. This is one of the keys to accomplish my other goals and dreams. After becoming a professional, I want to start a family, one lovely wife and maybe three children’s and have one beautiful cozy home to raise my kids and grow old with the people I love the most. I hope to achieve all my goals and fulfill my dreams, I know it will take a lot of work and dedication, but the outcomes are more than amazing. People have their own ways to get what they want and I will do whatever I can for my dreams to come true How to cite My Dreams of the Future, Papers

Organisational Change Change Management

Question: In todays highly volatile, unpredictable and ever flexible business environment, organisations can only take an emergent approach to change.Discuss the validity of this statement. Answer: In ever changing business environment, organisations are adopting emergent approaches to deal with those. Modern business environment never stands still and hence, keep changing. People running businesses might have already experienced various kinds of changes related to economy, consumer purchasing decisions, political changes and supply chain changes (Kotter, 2011). However, outside of this myriad of negatives coming by the change cycles are businesses that are flourishing and growing year by year. Businesses that are successful in long run adopt business models that provide them with an opportunity to adapt to the changes in the demands of the market. This essay aims at examining organisational changes and the issues firms usually face while coping up with frequent changes. The essay will analyse the statement, In todays highly volatile, unpredictable and ever flexible business environment, organisations can only take an emergent approach to change. In present scenario, all types of organisations, from small to large are engaged in the process of change. There are changes to processes, products, services, consumer needs, locations, success drivers. These changes can be difficult to cope with but once organisation adopts a dynamic business model, it is able to adapt to frequent changes effectively (Kotter, 2011). As a preparedness measure, businesses nowadays, tend to adopt business models or management plans to adapt to changes. Change Management models adopted by companies include change planning, stakeholder management, understanding the impact of change, determining ways to cope with change and competency management. By definition, change management refers to the process of renewing the theories, approaches, structure and capabilities of an organisation in order to provide customers with something innovative every time and also adapting to changes effectively. Since changes are inevitable and necessary at the operational and strategic level of the organisation so there is no doubt about its importance and management. Often, it is argued that successful change management is crucial for every organisation if it intends to survive in the long run (Levin, 2012). Organisations that dont implement change management in their system are likely to fail in the long run. But theories and approaches related to change management available with the experts are contradictory. It is believed that change management is becoming a required skill in every manager (Filicetti, 2007). There are different theories and approaches used by managers today to manage change effectively. In earlier times, managers believed that organisations with maximum changes couldnt sustain in competitive environment and meet customer preferences. They thought other way round i.e. the organisations with stability and employees with a set routine can only achieve success (Filicetti, 2007). But with evolving world and business scenario, changes have become necessary for a business to sustain. One of the widely accepted approaches for change management is Emergent Approach. To cope up with the continuous changing market curves an organisation has to follow some Business models that further help it to adapt with the changes and keep an organisation stable and ever-growing (Filicetti, 2007). By definition, a business model refers to the rationale of how a firm develops, delivers and captures value throughout the changing times (Filicetti, 2007). Amongst various Business Models that are followed by the business organisations in order to deal with the staggering changes in the market, the Emergent Approach seems to be a convincing way in the present day world of business. Emergent strategy is the view that strategy emerges over time as intentions collide with and accommodate a changing reality. Emergent strategy is a set of actions, or behaviour, consistent over time, a realized pattern that was not expressly intended in the original planning of strategy. As per emergent strategy, it is implied that a firm gets to learn what is put into practice. Emergent strategies are implemented by allocating resources (Bhasin, 2012). Henry Mintzberg believes that in modern marketplace, allocation of resources is usually unknown and keeps changing. As a result, these emergent strategies enable organisations to adapt to changes in most effective ways. It goes in the opposite direction to the previous traditional approach adopted by most organisations-The Deliberate Approach. The Emergent approach deals with strategies changing with respect to the requirement of the hour. It describes the process of strategy-making as consequential effect of the need to cope with the imperfections of the real world model which is subject to changes every second hour. This approach sees strategic management as an after effect of the trials and errors from the activities and experiences of the management. It identifies the following roles as pertinent to strategy leaders being successful in strategic management and coping up with changes: Planner, Communicator, analyst and Catalyst as well (Levin, 2012). Compared with other approaches, critiques of emergent approach are also significant. Foremost, emergent approach is a coherent change and also criticised for its emphasis on the political dimension of change. It is also limited to organisational changes to which emergent approach is applied and secondly, how it should be applied. Further, there is no assurance that organisa tional leaning will suit with the crisis or not. Some of the change management approaches that can be adopted by organisations are: Education and Communication Approach: It is believed that lack of communication and information usually doesnt let the organisations to cope up with frequent changes. Upfront education and effective communication can help employees up-to-date with market trends and hence, they get prepared to face the changes effectively (Marshak, 2005). This, ultimately, helps in reducing different rumours about any concerns in the organisation. Deliberate Approach: Under Deliberate approach, management team specifies the action the firm will be taking to accomplish its goals. Deliberate approach is also sometime referred to as top-down approach. It involves some form of planning and choices are dependent on the estimation of what might happen in future (Raineri, 2011). This type of approach is generally weak due to two reasons; one it is difficult to predict future due to rapid changes taking place in business environment. Second, these kind of strategies usually fail when developing new products. Umbrella Approach: This type of approach has a clear definition of strategic goals and general strategic decisions that are made by higher management. In this, detail of how goals are to be accomplished is yet to be decided. Managers then use a process of iteration and consensus building that enables senior management to develop the strategy. In other words, senior management decided the detail of how goals should be accomplished (Conner, 2012). These are the some of the approaches that help organisations to adapt to changes effectively. Nevertheless, of all the business Models coping with changes the Emergent Approach is in the upswing and provides better solutions towards the constantly changing market environments. From the economy to the needs of the market, things are constantly in motion. A business needs to go with this flow and use it to its advantage. Rigidity is not the answer when you are looking for if you seek constant growth. From technology to market dynamics, the present scenario is often nothing like what it was 10 years ago. So it can never be expected that things remain unchanged 10 years from now (NeÄ ask, Klmek, Mal and Mlnkov, 2012). Even if the core product stays the same, which is next to impossible given the intense competition in every market, there will be still the need to upgrade the technologies, train workforce, create new markets and seek more streams of revenue. All this comes under the ambit of change and is necessary for survival. While a growing number of business leaders are starting to realize the importance of changing and adapting, the problem lies in the fact that the organizations they sit atop are inherently resistant to change (Filicetti, 2007). This is often the case with multinational corporations that have been doing things a certain way for a long time now. The inertia makes it very hard to mobilize these organizations. So while the head of the business wants certain things done, the organization itself finds it unable to meet these demands. Hence, change management is a major job requirement for large organizations. Businesses that recognize what a massive challenge changing can be utilized the services of experts to ensure a smooth and seamless transition (Levin, 2012). Whether this change is in terms of operation model, or you are upgrading the technological backbone of your organization, preparing your workforce for this change is a crucial element. Training may be required to ensure that your employees are able to cope up with the changes. At times, you may even need to bring in a new workforce to manage your needs while your current workforce undergoes training (Kotter, 2011). A change management expert will be able to guide you through this process and provide you with the detailed requirements. One of the reasons start-up companies gains so much success and traction is because they are structured to deal with all kinds of changes. The roles of employees are flexible and a lean model ensures that everyone understands the need to change. In effect, start-ups have a work culture that is conducive to change (Anderson, 2001). This same environment needs to be created in any organization. Only when management have a work culture that does not hinder change, employees efforts produce tangible results. Hence, organisations must learn to embrace change, and encourage everyone to do the same (Levin, 2012). In nutshell, it will be right to say that in todays highly volatile, unpredictable and ever flexible business environment, organisations can only take an emergent approach to change. References Anderson, D. (2001). Beyond Change Management: Advanced Strategies for Todays Transformational Leaders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer. Barber, M., Donnelly, K., Rizvi, S., and Summers, L. (2013). An avalanche is coming: Higher education and the revolution ahead. Bhasin, S. (2012). An appropriate change strategy for lean success.Management Decision,50(3), 439-458. Bordia, P., Restubog, S. L. D., Jimmieson, N. L., and Irmer, B. E. (2011). Haunted by the past: Effects of poor change management history on employee attitudes and turnover.Group and Organization Management, 1059601110392990. By, R. T., Burnes, B., and Oswick, C. (2011). Change management: The road ahead.Journal of Change Management,11(1), 1-6. Cameron, E., and Green, M. (2012).Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Conner, D. (2012). "The Real Story of the Burning Platform". Filicetti, J. (2007). "Project Management Dictionary". PM Hut. Accessed 25 Feb, 2015. Gerth, C. (2013). Introduction. InBusiness Process Models. Change Management(pp. 1-12). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Goetsch, D. L., and Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Haslam, S. A., van Knippenberg, D., Platow, M. J., and Ellemers, N. (Eds.). (2014).Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice. Psychology Press. Huczynski, A., and Buchanan, D. A. (2013).Organizational behaviour. Pearson. Keppel, G., and Wardellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Johnson, G. W. (2012). Refugia: keys to climate change management.Global Change Biology,18(8), 2389-2391. Kotter, J. (2011). "Change Management vs. Change Leadership -- What's the Difference?". Forbes online. Accessed 25 Feb, 2015. Levin, G. (2012). "Embrace and Exploit Change as a Program Manager: Guidelines for Success". Project Management Institute. Accessed 25 Feb, 2015. Marshak, J. (2005). "Contemporary Challenges to the Philosophy and Practice of Organization Development". In Bradford, David L.; Burke, W. Warner. Reinventing Organization Development: New Approaches to Change in Organizations. pp. 1942. Mehanna, H., Olaleye, O., and Licitra, L. (2012). Oropharyngeal canceris it time to change management according to human papilloma virus status?.Current opinion in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery,20(2), 120-124. Merrell, P., and Watson, T. (2012). Effective change management: The simple truth.Management Services,56(2), 20-23. NeÄ ask, M., Klmek, J., Mal, J., and Mlnkov, I. (2012). Evolution and change management of XML-based systems.Journal of Systems and Software,85(3), 683-707. Phillips, R. (2012). "Enhancing the effectiveness of organizational change management". Human Resource Management 22 (12): 18399. Raineri, A. B. (2011). Change management practices: Impact on perceived change results.Journal of business research,64(3), 266-272.